An enlarged interpretation of alternatives in toxicology testing includes the replacement of
one animal species with another, preferably a nonmammalian species. This paper reviews …

Morphological deformities in chironomid larvae represent sublethal effects of exposure to
heavy metals, organochloropesticides and other organic xenobiotics. Because chironomid …

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives (dPAHs) were reported to be more mutagenic
than parent analogues, however, studies that involving dPAHs in environmental samples …

Microplastics are now widespread throughout the environment, but there is still scarce
knowledge about their impact on freshwater invertebrates, especially from tropical …

The toxicity of three field-collected sediments differentially contaminated with pesticides,
heavy metals, phtalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was assessed in …

Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely distributed phthalate that organisms are
frequently exposed to due to its wide range of commercial and manufacturing uses as a …

2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) is an agricultural contaminant found in rural ground
water. It remains to be determined whether neither 2, 4-D poses environmental risks, nor is …

Morphological deformities in parts of the head capsule of Chironomus spp. larvae inhabiting
three polluted rivers (Permatang Rawa [PRR], Pasir [PR], and Kilang Ubi [KUR]) in the Juru …

Veterinary antibiotics may find their way into the aquatic environment through direct or
indirect pathways due to their widespread use. Fenbendazole is a benzimidazole …

Heavy metals pollution can create negative effects on living organisms, as a teratogenic
effect, which result in reproduction disorder that caused unviable embryos, mortality, etc …