This review reports on the processes associated with costs of reproduction, including some
theoretical considerations, definitions and methodological aspects, followed by a list of the …

Climate change, particularly increased aridity, poses a significant threat to plants and the
biotic communities they support. Dioecious species may be especially vulnerable to climate …

In the semiarid Intermountain West, boxelder, Acer negundo, var. interior, a deciduous,
dieocious tree, exhibits significant habitat—specific sex ratio biases. Although the overall …

Life-history theory revolves around the idea that various activities, such as growth,
maintenance, and reproduction, compete for limited resources. Hence, current reproduction …

While the majority of flowering plant species are hermaphroditic, gender di morphism, or the
occurrence of two sexual morphs, has, nevertheless, evolved on repeated occasions …

We review the effects of herbivory and other environmental factors on pollen performance in
plants. We conclude that natural levels of variation in herbivory and other environmental …

We used sets of meta‐analyses to review the evidence of sex‐biased herbivory in dioecious
plants as well as intersexual differences in plant characteristics that might affect herbivores …

Sexually dimorphic organisms provide elegant comparative systems in which to study
adaptation (Darwin 1859, 1877; Shine 1989; Chap. 4). Their elegance derives from the fact …

Dioecy has evolved independently, many times, among unrelated taxa. It also appears to
have evolved along two contrasting pathways:(1) from hermaphroditism via monoecy to …

We examined sexual dimorphism in reproductive allocation and its effects on growth and
subsequent reproduction in a natural population of the dioecious woody shrub Lindera …