Every plant is closely associated with a variety of living organisms. Therefore, deciphering
how plants interact with mutualistic and parasitic organisms is essential for a comprehensive …

Recent research on plant responses to bacterial attack has identified extracellular and
intracellular host receptors that recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular …

Abstract The Guard Model for disease resistance postulates that plant resistance proteins
act by monitoring (guarding) the target of their corresponding pathogen effector. We posit …

A key feature of the virulence of many bacterial pathogens is the ability to deliver effector
proteins into eukaryotic cells via a dedicated type three secretion system (T3SS). Many …

Many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals use a type III secretion system to deliver
diverse virulence-associated 'effector'proteins into the host cell. The mechanisms by which …

With the avalanche of genomic information and improvements in analytical technology,
proteomics is becoming increasingly important for the study of many different aspects of …

Summary Background The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae injects 20–40 different
proteins called effectors into host plant cells, yet the functions and sites of action of these …

Phytopathogenic bacteria possess an arsenal of effector proteins that enable them to
subvert host recognition and manipulate the host to promote pathogen fitness. The type III …

Understanding the molecular basis of plant responses to pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs) is an active area of research in the field of plant–microbe interactions. A …

Ca2+ signaling is an early and necessary event in plant immunity. The tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum) kinase Pto triggers localized programmed cell death (PCD) upon recognition …