Insect life on earth is greatly diversified despite being exposed to several infectious agents
due to their diverse habitats and ecological niche. One of the major factors responsible for …

Mammalian chymotrypsin-like serine proteases (SPs) are one of the best-studied family of
enzymes with roles in a wide range of physiological processes, including digestion, blood …

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are unique parasites due to their symbiosis with
entomopathogenic bacteria and their ability to kill insect hosts quickly after infection. It is …

Insects and mammals share an ancient innate immune system comprising both humoral and
cellular responses. The insect immune system consists of the fat body, which secretes …

Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are found in all kingdoms of life and play essential roles
in multiple physiological processes. Owing to the diversity of the superfamily, phylogenetic …

Parasitic helminths release molecular effectors into their hosts and these effectors can
directly damage host tissue and modulate host immunity. Excreted/secreted proteins (ESPs) …

More than half of the described species of the phylum Nematoda are considered parasitic,
making them one of the most successful groups of parasites. Nematodes are capable of …

The term “microbial control” has been used to describe the use of microbial pathogens
(bacteria, viruses, or fungi) or entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to control various insect …

Helminths stage a powerful infection that allows the parasite to damage host tissue through
migration and feeding while simultaneously evading the host immune system. This feat is …

Global increases in coral disease prevalence have been linked to ocean warming through
changes in coral‐associated bacterial communities, pathogen virulence and immune system …