Mud volcanism and diapirism have puzzled geoscientists for∼ 2 centuries. They have been
described onshore and offshore in many places on Earth, and although they occur in various …

Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest biome of the global biosphere, but knowledge of
their biodiversity is still scant. The Mediterranean basin has been proposed as a hot spot of …

Seabed fluid flow involves the flow of gases and liquids through the seabed. Such fluids
have been found to leak through the seabed into the marine environment in seas and …

To date, several cold-seep areas which fuel chemosynthesis-based benthic communities
have been explored, mainly by deployment of manned submersibles. They are located in …

Hydrocarbon seeps and hydrothermal vents are now known to be common at continental
margins and oceanic spreading centers worldwide, exuding fluids rich in CH4 and H2S, and …

For years scientists viewed the deep sea as calm, quiet, and undisturbed, with marine
species existing in an ecologically stable and uniform environment. Recent discoveries have …

Two mud volcano fields were explored during the French–Dutch MEDINAUT cruise (1998)
with the submersible NAUTILE, one south of Crete along the Mediteranean Ridge at about …

Morphological and structural characteristics of the Black Sea and Mediterranean Ridge mud
volcanoes, studied during several UNESCO-ESF Cruises of the R/V Gelendzhik (1991 …

Cold seep ecosystems occur on active and passive continental margins.
Chemosynthesisbased communities depend on autochtonous and local chemical energy …

A dense community of benthic animals was discovered by the Japanese ROV'Kaiko'in the
hadal zone near the bottom of the Japan Trench, 7326 m deep. The community was …