In an increasing number of states and countries, cannabis now stands poised to join alcohol
and tobacco as a legal drug. Quantifying the relative adverse and beneficial effects of …

The psychoactive constituent in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was isolated in
the mid-1960s, but the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and the major endogenous …

Addictive drugs are habit-forming. Addiction is a learned behavior; repeated exposure to
addictive drugs can stamp in learning. Dopamine-depleted or dopamine-deleted animals …

The recent identification of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous lipid ligands has
triggered an exponential growth of studies exploring the endocannabinoid system and its …

Anatomical and functional refinements of the meso-limbic dopamine system of the rat are
discussed. Present experiments suggest that dopaminergic neurons localized in the …

Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to
study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals …

Aversive events rapidly and potently excite certain dopamine neurons in the ventral
tegmental area (VTA), promoting phasic increases in the medial prefrontal cortex and …

Reductionist attempts to dissect complex mechanisms into simpler elements are necessary,
but not sufficient for understanding how biological properties like reward emerge out of …

In the last 25 years data has grown exponentially dealing with the discovery of the
endocannabinoid system consisting of specific cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous …

Abundant neurobehavioral data, not discussed by, support the existence of a variety of core
emotional operating systems in ancient subneocortical regions of the brain (,). Such brain …