Macrophages are the gatekeepers of intestinal immune homeostasis as they discriminate
between innocuous antigens and potential pathogens to maintain oral tolerance. However …

Despite the introduction of numerous biologic agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
(RA) and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, low-dose methotrexate therapy remains the …

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has unclear pathogenesis, but the molecules that
feed its inflammatory state are known. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are useful to identify …

Bacterial, protozoan and other microbial infections share an accelerated metabolic rate. In
order to ensure a proper functioning of cell replication and proteins and nucleic acids …

Methotrexate (MTX) has been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for about
forty years and to date MTX remains the part of global standard of treatment for RA. The …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a
refractory disease with many immune abnormalities and pathologies in the gastrointestinal …

Vaccines are important for protecting individuals at increased risk of severe infections,
including patients undergoing DMARD therapy. However, DMARD therapy can also …

Macrophages play a key role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Notably,
positive correlations have been reported between synovial macrophage infiltration and …

Background: A folic-acid antagonist, methotrexate, is one of the most commonly prescribed
drugs with its expanding use in clinical practice. The drug requires regular monitoring given …

Non-invasive imaging modalities constitute an increasingly important tool in diagnostic and
therapy response monitoring of patients with autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid …