Body condition metrics are widely used to infer animal health and to assess costs of parasite
infection. Since parasites harm their hosts, ecologists might expect negative relationships …

Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and
noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine …

Parasites, by definition, have a negative effect on their host. However, in wild mammal
health and conservation research, sub‐lethal infections are commonly assumed to have …

Good management and improved standards of animal welfare are discussed as important
ways of reducing the risk of infection in farm animals without medication. Increasing …

Ecoimmunology is an example of how fruitful integrative approaches to biology can be.
Since its emergence, ecoimmunology has sparked constructive debate on a wide range of …

This article provides a brief historical perspective on the integration of physiology into the
concept of the pace of life of birds, evaluates the fit of immune function into this framework …

Bioenergetic approaches are increasingly used to understand how marine mammal
populations could be affected by a changing and disturbed aquatic environment. There …

Although animals are born with a protective immune system, even the innate immune
system is under development from birth to adulthood and this development may be affected …

Social rank can profoundly affect many aspects of mammalian reproduction and stress
physiology, but little is known about how immune function is affected by rank and other …

Abstract The Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) is one of the most fragile marine ecoregions
to be preserved to benefit global biodiversity. Ongoing continentalization and increasing …