Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

Major differences between men and women exist in epidemiology, manifestation,
pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as …

Abstract 17β‐Estradiol (E2), as the main circulating estrogen hormone, regulates many
tissue and organ functions in physiology. The effects of E2 on cells are mediated by the …

Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last
two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) …

Humans show strong sex differences in immunity to infection and autoimmunity, suggesting
sex hormones modulate immune responses. Indeed, receptors for estrogens (ERs) regulate …

Bone is a multi-skilled tissue, protecting major organs, regulating calcium phosphate
balance and producing hormones. Its development during childhood determines height and …

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) has been recognized now for several decades as playing a
key role in reproduction and exerting functions in numerous nonreproductive tissues. In this …

Phytoestrogens are literally estrogenic substances of plant origin. Although these
substances are useful for plants in many aspects, their estrogenic properties are essentially …

Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) are nuclear transcription factors that are
involved in the regulation of many complex physiological processes in humans. Modulation …

Estrogen is a steroid hormone that has critical roles in reproductive development, bone
homeostasis, cardiovascular remodeling and brain functions. However, estrogen also …