The Wind spacecraft, launched on November 1, 1994, is a critical element in NASA's
Heliophysics System Observatory (HSO)—a fleet of spacecraft created to understand the …

Shocks are one of nature's most powerful particle accelerators and have been connected to
relativistic electron acceleration and cosmic rays. Upstream shock observations include …

High‐resolution particle and wave measurements taken during an oblique bow shock
crossing by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission are analyzed. Two regions of …

Interplanetary (IP) shocks are fundamental building blocks of the heliosphere, and the
possibility to observe them in situ is crucial to address important aspects of energy …

The Earth's magnetosphere is the outermost layer of the geospace system deflecting
energetic charged particles from the Sun and solar wind. The solar wind has major impacts …

We present analysis of electrostatic waves around the ramp of a quasi‐perpendicular Earth's
bow shock observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. The electrostatic waves …

A theory of electron injection into diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) for the generation of
cosmic-ray electrons at collisionless shocks is presented. We consider a recently proposed …

Analyses of 15,314 electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs) within±2 hr of 52
interplanetary (IP) shocks observed by the Wind spacecraft near 1 au are introduced. The …

Nitrat litium merupakan senyawa ionik yang memiliki rumus senyawa LiNO3. Litium
berikatan ion dengan nitrat, yaitu ikatan ion poliatomik. Litium nitrat disusun atas atom-atom …

We present the first laboratory observations of time-resolved electron and ion velocity
distributions in magnetized collisionless shock precursors. Thomson scattering of a probe …