A number of different intracellular signaling pathways have been shown to be activated by
receptor tyrosine kinases. These activation events include the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, 70 …

Human-made information relay systems invariably incorporate central regulatory
components, which are mirrored in biological systems by dense feedback and feedforward …

Ras genes are the most common targets for somatic gain-of-function mutations in human
cancer. Recently, germline mutations that affect components of the Ras–Raf–mitogen …

The duration of intracellular signalling is associated with distinct biological responses, but
how cells interpret differences in signal duration are unknown. We show that the immediate …

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) exerts its stimulatory effects on cell growth and motility
by binding to two related protein tyrosine kinase receptors. Ligand binding induces receptor …

Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces both differentiation and survival of neurons by binding to
the Trk receptor protein tyrosine kinase. Although Ras is required for differentiation, it was …

YAP is a transcriptional regulator that controls pluripotency, cell fate, and proliferation. How
cells ensure the selective activation of YAP effector genes is unknown. This knowledge is …

Normal signaling by TGFβ, in the absence of serum or exogenous factors, involves a rapid
activation of Ras, Erks, and Sapks in proliferating cultures of TGFβ-sensitive untransformed …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are rapidly phosphorylated and activated in
response to various extracellular stimuli in many different cell types. Such regulation of …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that differentiate from hematopoietic cells and possess
characteristics responsible for bone resorption. To study the involvement of mitogen …