Biological toxins are entrenched within ecosystems. Thus, animals are often exposed to
such toxins, and how they adapt can be a key determinant of their evolutionary trajectories …

There is always a silent war between plants and herbivorous insects that we are rarely privy
to. In this silent war, chemicals act as both weapons and messengers. Insect–plant co …

Identifying the genetic mechanisms of adaptation requires the elucidation of links between
the evolution of DNA sequence, phenotype, and fitness. Convergent evolution can be used …

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a large class of transmembrane proteins, are
widely found in organisms and play an important role in the transport of xenobiotics. Insect …

Steroid hormones are a group of lipophilic hormones that are believed to enter cells by
simple diffusion to regulate diverse physiological processes through intracellular nuclear …

Multiple hypotheses have been put forth to understand why defense chemistry in individual
plants is so diverse. A major challenge has been teasing apart the importance of …

Highlights•Link between host plant adaptation and resistance evolution was critically
assessed.•No clear causal relationship was found between both evolutionary …

Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods that have developed myriad of strategies to get a blood
meal from the vertebrate host. They first attach to the host skin, select a bite site for a blood …

Coevolution between plants and herbivores often involves escalation of defence‐offence
strategies, but attack by multiple herbivores may obscure the match of plant defence to any …

In coevolution between plants and insects, reciprocal selection often leads to phenotype
matching between chemical defense and herbivore offense. Nonetheless, it is not well …