Abstract CD4+ T helper (TH) cells have crucial roles in orchestrating adaptive immune
responses. TH2 cells control immunity to extracellular parasites and all forms of allergic …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells with a unique ability to induce primary
immune responses. DCs capture and transfer information from the outside world to the cells …

Metabolites from intestinal microbiota are key determinants of host-microbe mutualism and,
consequently, the health or disease of the intestinal tract. However, whether such host …

Allergic rhinitis is clinically defined as a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced by an IgE-
mediated inflammation after allergen exposure of the membranes lining the nose. Symptoms …

Barrier epithelial cells and airway dendritic cells (DCs) make up the first line of defense
against inhaled substances such as house dust mite (HDM) allergen and endotoxin …

House dust mite (HDM) is one of the most common allergens worldwide. In this study, we
have addressed the involvement of IL-1 in the interaction between HDM and the innate …

Asthma is a very complex and heterogeneous disease that is characterized by airway
inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR). The pathogenesis of asthma is associated …

It is unclear how Th2 immunity is induced in response to allergens like house dust mite
(HDM). Here, we show that HDM inhalation leads to the TLR4/MyD88-dependent …

Ambient particulate matter (PM) is an environmental factor that has been associated with
increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. The major effect of ambient PM on the …

Allergic asthma is a complex and chronic inflammatory disorder which is associated with
airway hyper-responsiveness and tissue remodelling of the airway structure. Although …