Emerging and re-emerging bacterial infections are a serious threat to human and animal
health. Extracellular bacteria are free-living, while facultative intracellular bacteria replicate …

The clinical symptoms of shigellosis, a gastrointestinal infection caused by Shigella spp.
range from watery diarrhea to fulminant dysentery. Endemic infections, particularly among …

Abstract Background Bacterial ghost cells (BGCs) are cells were drained of their genetic and
cytoplasmic components. This work aimed to develop vaccine candidates against the …

Background Shigella is one of the major causes of dysenteric diarrhea, which is known
shigelosis. Shigelosis causes 160,000 deaths annually of diarrheal disease in the global …

Shigellosis has become a serious threat to health in many developing countries due to the
severe diarrhea it causes. Shigella flexneri 2a is the principal species responsible for this …

Significant advancement has been made in the development of vaccines against bacterial
pathogens. However, several roadblocks have been found during the evaluation of vaccines …

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a global primary pathogenic bacterium causing
diarrhoea in human and a wide variety of neonatal animals. Lactococcus lactis as non …

The Lactococcus lactis bacterium found in different natural environments is traditionally
associated with the fermented food industry. But recently, its applications have been …

Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) infection frequently results in porcine atrophic rhinitis
and swine plague, leading to large economic losses for the swine industry worldwide. P …

Multidrug resistant Shigella is one of the leading causes of mortality in children and infants.
Availability of vaccine could prevent the Shigella infection and reduce the mortality …