Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is not only a pathophysiological process involving
the liver, but also a complex systemic process affecting multiple tissues and organs. Hepatic …

This article reviews the main lines of thinking and exploration that have led to our current
conception of the role of IFN-γ in immune defense and autoimmunity. In 1965 the first report …

Abstract The immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) suppresses T-
cell responses and promotes immune tolerance in mammalian pregnancy, tumour …

The interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts is regulated by
reciprocal survival strategies, including competition for essential nutrients. Though …

Substantial progress in understanding the biology of regulatory T cells and their roles in
health and disease has been achieved in the past 10 years. This has led to an increasing …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display immunomodulatory properties mediated by various
factors, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Since heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is …

FOXP3-expressing T regulatory cells (Tregs) can be divided into two distinct subsets:
naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) that develop in the thymus, and induced Tregs (iTregs) …

Pro-inflammatory cytokines promote autoimmune inflammation and tissue damage, while
anti-inflammatory cytokines help resolve inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. Over the …

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a pathophysiological event post liver surgery or
transplantation and significantly influences the prognosis of liver function. The mechanisms …

Abstract B7-H1, B7-DC, B7-H2, B7-H3, and B7-H4, all new additions to the B7 family, here
termed “the new B7s,” are emerging as important tools in directing immune function; each …