Botulinum neurotoxins are diverse proteins. They are currently represented by at least seven
serotypes and more than 40 subtypes. New clostridial strains that produce novel neurotoxin …

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antimicrobial and health care-
associated diarrhea in humans, presenting a significant burden to global health care …

Humans are colonized by immense populations of viruses, which metagenomic analysis
shows are mostly unique to each individual. To investigate the origin and evolution of the …

The outer surface of many archaea and bacteria is coated with a proteinaceous surface
layer (known as an S-layer), which is formed by the self-assembly of monomeric proteins …

For cured meat products, nitrite is recognized for its antimicrobial effects against pathogenic
bacteria, even though the specific inhibitory mechanisms are not well known. Nitrite …

Microbes play key roles in various biogeochemical processes, including carbon (C) and
nitrogen (N) cycling. However, changes of microbial community at the functional gene level …

Clostridium botulinum, a polyphyletic Gram-positive taxon of bacteria, is classified purely by
their ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). BoNT is the primary virulence factor …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by various Clostridium strains, are a family of
potent bacterial toxins and potential bioterrorism agents. Here we report that an …

The worldwide emergence of epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile linked to increased
disease severity and mortality has resulted in greater research efforts toward determining …

Bacillus and Clostridium organisms initiate the sporulation process when unfavorable
conditions are detected. The sporulation process is a carefully orchestrated cascade of …