Tributyltin (TBT) was widely used as a highly efficient biocide in antifouling paints for ship
and boat hulls. Eventually, TBT containing paints became globally banned when TBT was …

The banning of organotin biocides, such as tributyltin (TBT), from use in marine antifouling
paints is now leading to reproductive health recovery in marine gastropod populations all …

The first appraisal of butyltin (BT) contamination linked with imposex incidence in Peruvian
coastal areas was performed in the present study. Imposex occurrence and BT levels in …

The imposex incidence was appraised in South American gastropods, considering the
scenario before and after the global ban of tributyltin (TBT). A statistically significant …

Due to the restrictions on TBT usage in antifouling paints since 2003 and its complete ban
on all vessels in 2008 (IMO 2001), copper has been increasingly used as the main biocide …

Despite the huge amount of literature available on butyltins (BuTs), few studies addressed
the environmental levels of phenyltins (PhTs), octyltins (OcTs) and total tin (SnT) in …

Organotins (OTs) are globally ubiquitous contaminants. Contamination of OTs, particularly
butyltins (BTs), has been suspected to cause immunosuppressive effects leading to …

The dogwhelk Nucella lapillus experienced localized extinction in the 1980s and 1990s due
to the use of tributyltin (TBT) antifoulants, causing imposex in females. The aim of this study …

One of the human activities that introduce chemical substances in the marine environment is
the use of antifouling paints on ships hulls. Many formulations of these paints include …

A bioassay to study differential specific responses in imposex development due to marine
organotin pollution was done by transplanting specimens of the gastropods Stramonita …