The observation that heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is associated with elevated
circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines opened a new area of research that has …

Heart failure exhibits remarkable pathophysiologic heterogeneity. A large body of evidence
suggests that regardless of the underlying etiology, heart failure is associated with induction …

Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathophysiologic companion of most myocardial diseases,
and is associated with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmogenesis, and adverse …

Abstract Purpose of Review With the intention to summarize the currently available evidence
on the pathophysiological relevance of inflammation in heart failure, this review addresses …

As a greater proportion of patients survive their initial cardiac insult, medical systems
worldwide are being faced with an ever-growing need to understand the mechanisms …

The smooth muscle cell directly drives the contraction of the vascular wall and hence
regulates the size of the blood vessel lumen. We review here the current understanding of …

The onset of heart failure is typically preceded by cardiac hypertrophy, a response of the
heart to increased workload, a cardiac insult such as a heart attack or genetic mutation …

Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been identified in patients with heart failure,
including heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction, as well as acute …

Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the
cardiac interstitium, and contributes to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in many …

By virtue of their actions on NF-κB, an inflammatory nuclear transcription factor, various
cytokines have been documented to play important regulatory roles in determining cardiac …