Mitophagy is a selective autophagic process, essential for cellular homeostasis, that
eliminates dysfunctional mitochondria. Activated by inner membrane depolarization, it plays …

The terms “eustress” and “distress” are widely used throughout the scientific literature. As of
February 2020, 203 items in the Web of Science show up in a search for “eustress,” …

Background Standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (SMuRF), comprising diabetes,
hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and smoking, are used for risk stratification in acute coronary …

Background Programs targeting the standard modifiable cardiovascular risk factors
(SMuRFs: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking) are critical to …

Heart diseases due to myocardial ischemia, such as myocardial infarction or ischemic heart
failure, are major causes of death in developed countries, and their number is unfortunately …

Apoptosis plays a key role in the pathogenesis in a variety of cardiovascular diseases due to
loss of terminally differentiated cardiac myocytes. Cardiac myocytes undergoing apoptosis …

Skin flaps are necessary in plastic and reconstructive surgery for the removal of skin cancer,
wounds, and ulcers. A skin flap is a portion of skin with its own blood supply that is partially …

Heart failure (HF) is frequently the consequence of sustained, abnormal neurohormonal,
and mechanical stress and remains a leading cause of death worldwide. The key …

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly contributed to the
pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Recent studies suggest that hypoxia …

Heart failure (HF) is a physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the
needs of the body. It is a clinical syndrome characterized by impaired ability of the left …