Water-only or soap and water solutions are considered a gold standard for skin
decontamination. However, there is lack of conclusive data regarding their efficacy. The aim …

Increasing indications, reports and studies demonstrate that threats from the deliberate use
of chemical weapons remain high and are evolving. One of the deadliest classes of …

The current study was focused on the water quality assessment of the District Muzaffarabad
(DMZD) Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), the northern part of Pakistan. The qualitative …

Firefighters face significant risks of exposure to toxic chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), during fire suppression activities. PAHs have been found in the air, on …

CeO2 nanoparticles possess catalytic activity for hydrolysis of organophosphates such as
paraoxon and nerve agents used in chemical warfare. Intoxication with these highly toxic …

In mass casualty incidents including hazardous chemical skin exposure, decontamination is
the primary intervention to avoid systemic uptake of the toxic compound. The protocol needs …

Skin decontamination in cold weather temperatures might be challenging due to the
aggravating circumstances. However, no information is available on the efficacy of …

Water‐only or water and soap are widely recommended as preferred solutions for dermal
decontamination. However, limited efficacy data exist. We summarized experimental studies …

Accidents with toxic industrial chemicals and threats posed by chemical warfare agents, as
organophosphorus nerve agents and blistering agents, has become an increasing concern …

Percutaneous absorption of chemicals is a potential route of topical and systemic toxicity.
Skin decontamination interrupts this process by removing contaminants from the skin …