Immune-checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 have already substantially improved
the outcomes of patients with many types of cancer, although only 20–40% of patients derive …

Exosomes are vesicles encompassed by a lipid bilayer that are released by various living
cells. Exosomal proteins are encapsulated within the membrane or embedded on the …

Exosomes belong to a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles secreted by the dynamic
multistep endocytosis process and carry diverse functional molecular cargoes, including …

The development of combination immunotherapy based on the mediation of regulatory
mechanisms of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is promising. However, a deep …

Single-cell technologies have contributed to unravelling tumour heterogeneity, now
considered a hallmark of cancer and one of the main causes of tumour resistance to cancer …

Resistance to cancer therapy is a major barrier to cancer management. Conventional views
have proposed that acquisition of resistance may result from genetic mutations. However …

Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells derived intracellular and extracellular
programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) promoted cancer progression and drug resistance …

Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles with diameters from 30 to 150 nm, released upon
fusion of multivesicular bodies with the cell surface. They can transport nucleic acids …

Great advances in immune checkpoint blockade have resulted in a paradigm shift in patients
with lung cancer. Immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment, either as monotherapy or …

Circulating soluble programmed death-1 ligand (sPD-L1) is measurable in the serum of
cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate the significance of sPD-L1 in cancer patients …