Tropical ecosystems have the highest levels of biodiversity, cycle more water and absorb
more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. Consequently, these ecosystems …

Numerous current efforts seek to improve the representation of ecosystem ecology and
vegetation demographic processes within Earth System Models (ESM s). These …

We document the development of the first version of the UK Earth System Model UKESM1.
The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with …

Results from the fully-, biogeochemically-, and radiatively-coupled simulations in which CO
2 increases at a rate of 1% per year (1pctCO2) from its pre-industrial value are analyzed to …

Droughts are among the costliest natural disasters. They affect wide regions and large
numbers of people worldwide by tampering with water availability and agricultural …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

Scenarios that limit global warming to below 2° C by 2100 assume significant land-use
change to support large-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) removal from the atmosphere by …

Land surface models (LSMs) are a vital tool for understanding, projecting, and predicting the
dynamics of the land surface and its role within the Earth system, under global change …

The land and ocean absorb on average just over half of the anthropogenic emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO 2) every year. These CO 2" sinks" are modulated by climate change and …