The endogenous opioid system consists of three opioid peptide precursor genes encoding
enkephalins (preproenkephalin, Penk), dynorphins (preprodynorphin, Pdyn) and β …

The past decade has seen an expansion of research and knowledge on pharmacotherapy
for the treatment of alcohol dependence. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved …

Although far from conclusive, evidence implicating the endogenous opioid system in the
development and maintenance of alcoholism is growing. Currently available data suggest …

There is increasing evidence supporting a link between the endogenous opioid system and
excessive alcohol consumption. Acute or light alcohol consumption stimulates the release of …

▪ Abstract Even the most extreme environmentalists along the nature-nurture continuum in
psychology now acknowledge that genes often contribute to individual differences in …

There is significant experimental evidence implicating the endogenous opioid system
(opioid peptides and opioid receptors) with the processes of reward and reinforcement …

The endogenous opioid system is expressed throughout the brain reinforcement circuitry,
and plays a major role in reward processing, mood control and the development of …

Since 1996, nearly 100 genes have been studied for their effects related to ethanol in mice
using genetic modifications including gene deletion, gene overexpression, gene knock‐in …

Preclinical studies have exploded our knowledge about the behavioral and biological
underpinnings of alcoholism. These studies suggest that certain neurotransmitters …

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of
reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long …