Abstract El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the strongest interannual signal that is
produced by basinscale processes in the tropical Pacific, with significant effects on weather …

The Gulf of Finland is today an actively-investigated sea area. Basin-wide studies are
carried out in an international cooperation between all the coastal states of the gulf …

A new global climate model, MRI-CGCM3, has been developed at the Meteorological
Research Institute (MRI). This model is an overall upgrade of MRI's former climate model …

The purpose of this study is to find a combination of optimal numerical algorithms for time-
stepping and mode-splitting suitable for a high-resolution, free-surface, terrain-following …

The ocean engine of NEMO is a primitive equation model adapted to regional and global
ocean circulation problems. It is intended to be a flexible tool for studying the ocean and its …

Finite element exterior calculus is an approach to the design and understanding of finite
element discretizations for a wide variety of systems of partial differential equations. This …

We examine recent observations of water mass distribution and circulation schemes at
different depths of the South Atlantic Ocean to propose a layered, qualitative representation …

This manual describes the details of the numerical methods and discretization used in the
Parallel Ocean Program (POP), a level-coordinate ocean general circulation model that …

A full two-way nesting approach for split-explicit, free surface ocean models is presented. It
is novel in three main respects: the treatment of grid refinement at the fast mode (barotropic) …

Simulation characteristics from eighteen global ocean–sea-ice coupled models are
presented with a focus on the mean Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and …