The biological pump transports organic matter, created by phytoplankton productivity in the
well-lit surface ocean, to the ocean's dark interior, where it is consumed by animals and …

The element silicon (Si) is required for the growth of silicified organisms in marine
environments, such as diatoms. These organisms consume vast amounts of Si together with …

Droughts and climate-change-driven warming are leading to more frequent and intense
wildfires,–, arguably contributing to the severe 2019–2020 Australian wildfires. The …

We document the development of the first version of the UK Earth System Model UKESM1.
The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with …

The ocean's biological carbon pump transfers carbon from the surface ocean to the deep
ocean by several distinct pathways, including gravitational settling of organic particles …

Uncertainty in the global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation limits our understanding of the
response of the ocean's nitrogen and carbon cycles to environmental change. The …

Phytoplankton primary production is at the base of the marine food web; changes in primary
production have direct or indirect effects on higher trophic levels, from zooplankton …

The export of organic carbon from the surface ocean by sinking particles is an important, yet
highly uncertain, component of the global carbon cycle. Here we introduce a mechanistic …

Continuing degradation of coral reef ecosystems has generated substantial interest in how
management can support reef resilience,. Fishing is the primary source of diminished reef …

Global satellite observations document expansions of the low-chlorophyll central ocean
gyres and an overall inverse relationship between anomalies in sea surface temperature …