Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …

Previous rodent studies have implicated the infralimbic (IL) subregion of the medial
prefrontal cortex in extinction of auditory fear conditioning. However, these studies used …

There is considerable interest, from both a basic and clinical standpoint, in gaining a greater
understanding of how pharmaceutical or behavioral manipulations alter fear extinction in …

The rodent infralimbic cortex (IL) is implicated in higher order executive functions such as
reward seeking and flexible decision making. However, the precise nature of its role in these …

Over the past years, numerous studies have provided a clear understanding of the neuronal
circuits and mechanisms involved in the formation, expression and extinction phases of …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been described as the only neuropsychiatric
disorder with a known cause, yet effective behavioral and pharmacotherapies remain …

The central noradrenergic (NA) system is critical for the maintenance of attention, behavioral
flexibility, spatial navigation, and learning and memory, those cognitive functions lost first in …

Consolidation and reconsolidation are phases of memory stabilization that diverge slightly.
Noradrenaline is known to influence both processes, but the relative contribution of α1-and β …

Memory formation enables the retention of life experiences overtime. Based on previously
acquired information, organisms can anticipate future events and adjust their behaviors to …