Avian cold adaptation is hallmarked by innovative strategies of both heat conservation and
thermogenesis. While minimizing heat loss can reduce the thermogenic demands of body …

The Triassic has long been recognized as a time during which marine and terrestrial
ecosystems modernized dramatically, and it seems to have been a two-step process. First …

Mammals show clear changes in heart rate linked to lung ventilation, characterized as
respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). These changes are controlled in part by variations in the …

In amniotes, the predominant developmental strategy underlying body size evolution is
thought to be adjustments to the rate of growth rather than its duration. However, most …

Endothermy underpins the ecological dominance of mammals and birds in diverse
environmental settings 1, 2. However, it is unclear when this crucial feature emerged during …

Crocodilians grow slowly and have low metabolic rates similar to other living reptiles, but
palaeohistology indicates that they evolved from an ancestor with higher growth rates. 1, 2 …

All modern mammals are descendants of the paraphyletic non-mammaliaform Synapsida,
colloquially referred to as the “mammal-like reptiles.” It has long been assumed that these …

Notosuchia is a group of mostly terrestrial crocodyliforms. The presence of a prominent crest
overhanging the acetabulum, slender straight-shafted long bones with muscular insertions …

Thyroid hormones (THs) play a major role regulating energy balance and brown adipose
tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, as well as body temperature, as shown in hyperthyroid patients …

Patterns of growth throughout the lifetime of an animal reflect critical life history traits such as
reproductive timing, physiology, and ecological interactions. The ancestral growth pattern for …