Almost all bacteria and many archaea contain genes whose expression inhibits cell growth
and may lead to cell death when overproduced, reminiscent of apoptotic genes in higher …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its
cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules usually composed of a toxin and an
antitoxin counteracting the activity of the toxic protein. These systems are widely spread in …

Significant progress has been achieved in silkworm (Bombyx mori) research since the last
review on this insect was published in this journal in 2005. In this article, we review the new …

The instability of messenger RNA is fundamental to the control of gene expression. In
bacteria, mRNA degradation generally follows an “all-or-none” pattern. This implies that if …

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome contains an unusually high number of toxin–
antitoxin modules, some of which have been suggested to play a role in the establishment …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in prokaryotes. Among these, the mazEF TA
system encodes an endoribonucleolytic toxin, MazF, that inhibits growth by sequence …

Protein translation is the most common target of toxin-antitoxin system (TA) toxins. Sequence-
specific endoribonucleases digest RNA in a sequence-specific manner, thereby blocking …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea and play important
roles in a diverse range of cellular activities. TA systems have been broadly classified into 5 …

Type II Toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial operons that encode a toxic protein and
its antidote, which form a self-regulating genetic system. Antitoxins put a halter on toxins in …