Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used to provide illumination in industrial and
commercial environments. LEDs are also used in TVs, computers, smart phones, and …

Light has profoundly influenced the evolution of life on earth. As widely appreciated, light
enables us to generate images of our environment. However, light—through intrinsically …

The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

Purpose Despite extensive research, mechanisms regulating postnatal eye growth and
those responsible for ametropias are poorly understood. With the marked recent increases …

A subset of mammalian retinal ganglion cells expresses an opsin photopigment
(melanopsin, Opn4) and is intrinsically photosensitive. The human retina contains …

Life on earth is subject to alternating cycles of day and night imposed by the rotation of the
earth. Consequently, living things have evolved photodetective systems to synchronize their …

Melatonin is a much conserved feature in vertebrates that plays a central role in the
entrainment of daily and annual physiological rhythms. Investigations aiming at …

In 1942, Walls described the concept of a 'nocturnal bottleneck'in placental mammals, where
these species could survive only by avoiding daytime activity during times in which …

The discovery that mice lacking rods and cones are capable of regulating their circadian
rhythms by light provided the conceptual framework for the discovery of an entirely new …

Seasonality is an important adaptive trait in temperate fish species as it entrains or regulates
most physiological events such as reproductive cycle, growth profile, locomotor activity and …