During viral infections, significant numbers of T cells are activated in a T cell receptor-
independent and cytokine-dependent manner, a phenomenon referred to as “bystander …

The hallmark of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis is a progressive
depletion of CD 4+ T‐cell populations in close association with progressive impairment of …

Chronic activation of the immune system is a hallmark of progressive HIV infection and
better predicts disease outcome than plasma viral load, yet its etiology remains obscure …

The early immune response to HIV-1 infection is likely to be an important factor in
determining the clinical course of disease. Recent data indicate that the HIV-1 quasispecies …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is generally characterized by inefficient viral
transmission; an acute phase of intense viral replication and dissemination to lymphoid …

Manifestations of viral infections can differ between women and men, and marked sex
differences have been described in the course of HIV-1 disease. HIV-1–infected women …

Persistent immune activation and inflammation despite sustained antiretroviral therapy
(ART)-mediated viral suppression has emerged as a major challenge of the modern HIV …

The chronic phase of HIV infection is marked by pathological activation of the immune
system, the extent of which better predicts disease progression than either plasma viral load …

Thorough research on HIV is progressively enabling us to understand the intricate
mechanisms that link HIV‐1 infection to the onset of immunodeficiency. The infection and …

Acute HIV infection is characterized by massive loss of CD4 T cells from the gastrointestinal
(GI) tract. Th17 cells are critical in the defense against microbes, particularly at mucosal …