Varroa destructor is among the greatest biological threats to western honey bee (Apis
mellifera L.) health worldwide. Beekeepers routinely use chemical treatments to control this …

Bees—including solitary, social, wild, and managed species—are key pollinators of
flowering plant species, including nearly three-quarters of global food crops. Their …

Highlights•The terms 'colony losses' and 'CCD'are defined.•The existing correlative evidence
for viruses as drivers of colony losses is evaluated.•Results from controlled infection …

Insects constitute the largest and most diverse group of animals on Earth with an equally
diverse virome. The main antiviral immune system of these animals is the post …

Highlights•Nutritional stress and disease are two of the main concerns in honey bee
health.•Poor nutrition can lead to increased susceptibility to viral and fungal diseases.•Some …

Highlights•Honey bees make great energetic and physiological investments in immunity to
mitigate the risks of disease that accompany social living.•Immunity in honey bees is …

Numerous studies have recently reported on the discovery of bee viruses in different
arthropod species and their possible transmission routes, vastly increasing our …

Highlights•Honey bees display a unique overwintering behavior.•Majority of colony losses
occur during winter.•Factors regulating overwintering behavior are not well …

Honey bees, and pollinators in general, play a major role in the health of ecosystems. There
is a consensus about the steady decrease in pollinator populations, which raises global …

Western honey bees, Apis mellifera, live in highly eusocial colonies that are each typically
headed by a single queen. The queen is the sole reproductive female in a healthy colony …