Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause
severe invasive infections upon ingestion with contaminated food. Clinically, listerial …

The gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a
highly fatal opportunistic foodborne infection. Pregnant women, neonates, the elderly, and …

The cell wall envelope of gram-positive bacteria is a macromolecular, exoskeletal organelle
that is assembled and turned over at designated sites. The cell wall also functions as a …

The immune system provides protection from a wide range of pathogens. One component of
immunity, the phylogenetically ancient innate immune response, fights infections from the …

Intracellular bacteria are endowed with the capacity to survive and replicate inside
mononuclear phagocytes (MP) and, sometimes, within certain other host cells. MP are …

The two genetically established antimicrobial mechanisms of macrophages are production
of reactive oxygen intermediates by phagocyte oxidase (phox) and reactive nitrogen …

The intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can invade several types of normally
non‐phagocytic cells. Entry into cultured epithelial cells requires the expression of inIA, the …

The induction by IFN-γ of reactive nitrogen intermediates has been postulated as a major
mechanism of host resistance to intracellular pathogens. To formally test this hypothesis in …

The duration of infection and the quantity of Ag presented in vivo are commonly assumed to
influence, if not determine, the magnitude of T cell responses. Although the cessation of in …

The dlt operon of Gram‐positive bacteria comprises four genes (dltA, dltB, dltC and dltD) that
catalyse the incorporation of d‐alanine residues into the cell wall‐associated lipoteichoic …