Predicting the effects of drugs before human clinical trials is at the heart of drug screening
and discovery processes. The cost of drug discovery is steadily increasing owing to the …

Drug development is a long process whose main content includes drug synthesis, drug
delivery, and drug evaluation. Compared with conventional drug development procedures …

Structural color materials from existing natural organisms have been widely studied to
enable artificial manufacture. Variable iridescence has attracted particular interest because …

To curb the high cost of drug development, there is an urgent need to develop more
predictive tissue models using human cells to determine drug efficacy and safety in advance …

Before a lead compound goes through a clinical trial, preclinical studies utilize two‐
dimensional (2D) in vitro models and animal models to study the pharmacodynamics and …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Compared to traditional therapeutic strategies, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is one of …

The low probability of a drug candidate's clinical success, the time consumed and the high
cost of bringing a drug from concept to market emphasizes the need for new approaches to …

The ability of human pluripotent stem cells to form all cells of the body has provided many
opportunities to study disease and produce cells that can be used for therapy in …

Emerging heart-on-a-chip platforms are promising approaches to establish cardiac
cell/tissue models in vitro for research on cardiac physiology, disease modeling and drug …

Engineered 3D cardiac tissue constructs (ECTCs) can replicate complex cardiac physiology
under normal and pathological conditions. Currently, most measurements of ECTC …