In this review, we focus on political inequality in rich democracies. In the two main sections,
we look at participation and representation, respectively. The former discusses whether …

Affective polarization captures the extent to which citizens feel sympathy towards partisan in-
groups and antagonism towards partisan out-groups. This is comparatively easy to assess in …

Social media has skyrocketed to popularity in the past few years. The Arab Spring in 2011
as well as the 2008 and 2012 Obama campaigns have fueled interest in how social media …

Research about voter turnout has expanded rapidly in recent years. This article takes stock
of this development by extending the meta-analysis of Geys (2006) in two main ways. First …

Research on invalid voting has expanded rapidly over the past few years. This review article
for the first time examines its principal findings and provides a new theoretical perspective …

Political consumerism refers to the deliberate purchase or avoidance of products, goods, or
services for political reasons. For decades, researchers have studied the micro-level …

Lay politics lies at the heart of democracy. Political offices are the only offices for which no
formal qualifications are required. Contemporary political practices are diametrically …

In this volume, experts on Latin American public opinion and political behavior employ
region-wide public opinion studies, elite surveys, experiments, and advanced statistical …

We argue that two different sets of considerations shape the decision to vote or abstain in an
election–ethical and non-ethical. First the citizen may vote out of a sense of duty. Failing that …

The study has integrated the civic voluntarism and planned behavior model to check the
intentions of people towards political crowdfunding. Participation in politics is the civic duty …