Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms.
The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary
pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials …

SUMMARY ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems are universally distributed among living
organisms and function in many different aspects of bacterial physiology. ABC transporters …

Antibiotics have been effective in treating infectious diseases, but resistance to these drugs
has led to the emergence of new and the reemergence of old infectious diseases. One …

Efflux pump genes and proteins are present in both antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-
resistant bacteria. Pumps may be specific for one substrate or may transport a range of …

▪ Abstract The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a family of large proteins in
membranes and are able to transport a variety of compounds through membranes against …

Drug resistance in bacteria, and especially resistance to multiple antibacterials, has
attracted much attention in recent years. In addition to the well known mechanisms, such as …

The MacB ABC transporter forms a tripartite efflux pump with the MacA adaptor protein and
TolC outer membrane exit duct to expel antibiotics and export virulence factors from Gram …

Over 1 million new cases of all types of cancer are diagnosed each year in the United States
alone, and 559 650 cancer-related deaths were expected to occur in 2007. 1 …

One of the mechanisms that bacteria utilize to evade the toxic effects of antibiotics is the
active extrusion of structurally unrelated drugs from the cell. Both intrinsic and acquired …