Background: Biliary strictures are frequently encountered in clinical practice. The
determination of their nature is often difficult. This study aims to systematically evaluate the …

Objective Indeterminate biliary strictures remain a significant diagnostic challenge. Digital
single-operator cholangioscopy (D-SOC) incorporates digital imaging which enables higher …

Objective Despite significant progresses in imaging and pathological evaluation, early
differentiation between benign and malignant biliary strictures remains challenging …

Background Peroral cholangioscopy (POCS) of indeterminate biliary strictures aims to
achieve a diagnosis through visual examination and/or by obtaining targeted biopsies under …

Background Indeterminate strictures pose a therapeutic dilemma. In recent years,
cholangioscopy has evolved and the availability of cholangioscopy has increased. However …

Direct visualization of bile and pancreatic duct pathology is proving to be beneficial in
patients where previous techniques have failed. Recent advancements in technology and …

Background Per-oral cholangioscopy (POC) has evolved over the past decade from
fiberoptic to digital and video imaging systems. Nowadays, only direct per-oral …

Choledochoscopy, or cholangioscopy, is an endoscopic procedure for direct visualization
within the biliary tract for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Since its conception in 1879 …

Peroral cholangioscopy (POC) is an endoscopic procedure that allows direct intraductal
visualization of the biliary tract. POC has emerged as a vital tool for indeterminate biliary …

Background and Aims Pathologic evaluation of bile duct lesions is crucial for a definitive
diagnosis and determination of an appropriate therapeutic strategy; however, current …