Immunization is a cornerstone of public health policy and is demonstrably highly cost-
effective when used to protect child health. Although it could be argued that immunology has …

This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines
that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current …

The immune system is redundant, and B and T cells collaborate. However, almost all current
vaccines work through induction of antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or …

To generate vaccine-mediated protection is a complex challenge. Currently available
vaccines have largely been developed empirically, with little or no understanding on how …

Polysaccharide-encapsulated organisms are the leading cause of bacterial meningitis and
pneumonia in children. The use of protein–polysaccharide conjugate vaccines in developed …

The immunogenicity of polysaccharides as human vaccines was enhanced by coupling to
protein carriers. Conjugation transformed the T cell-independent polysaccharide vaccines of …

The meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccine programme in England has
successfully controlled the incidence of serogroup C disease, as a result of high short-term …

The surface of cells is coated with a dense layer of glycans, known as the cell glycocalyx.
The complex glycans in the glycocalyx are involved in various biological events, such as …

The persistence of serum IgG antibodies elicited in human infants is much shorter than when
such responses are elicited later in life. The reasons for this rapid waning of antigen-specific …

Despite the availability of anti-microbial agents effective against Neisseria meningitidis,
meningococcal disease continues to be a major global health problem, particularly in the …