Highlights•Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by loss of orexin neurons.•Extreme
sleepiness and cataplexy are two principal symptoms of narcolepsy.•Loss of orexin …

Narcolepsy (NA) is a primary sleep disorder characterized by loss of hypocretinergic/
orexinergic neurons. NA is associated with an increased risk for metabolic disorders such as …

Dreams appear intermittently during phasic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Although
reasonable progress has been made about neuro-physio-pharmacological mechanism of …

Normally, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) does not appear during waking or non-REMS.
Isolated, independent studies showed that elevated noradrenaline (NA) levels inhibit REMS …

Substantia nigra (SN) is rich in dopamine (DA)-ergic and GABA-ergic neurons, which project
to and receive inputs from locus coeruleus (LC) and pedunculo-pontine tegmentum (PPT) …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep plays a significant role in visuospatial learning and
memory consolidation; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. Rapid eye movements …

The superior colliculus (SC) is associated with visual attention, spatial navigation, decision
making, escape and approach responses, some of which are important for defence and …

Immune function and sleep are two normal physiological processes to protect the living
organism from falling sick. There is hardly any disease in which they remain unaffected …

Sleep is a vital neurobiological process, yet despite its fundamental significance, delineating
the endogenous neural pathways involved has been slow to progress due to a lack of …