Abstract Purpose of Review Since the formal discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
in 1953, we have gained a vast amount of knowledge regarding the specific populations of …

REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements, desynchronized
electroencephalographic activity, dreams and muscle paralysis that preclude the individual …

Work in animals and humans has suggested the existence of a slow wave sleep (SWS)-
promoting/electroencephalogram (EEG)-synchronizing center in the mammalian lower …

Objectives We aimed to provide a consensus statement by the International Rapid Eye
Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Study Group (IRBD-SG) on devising controlled active …

Background Previous work has suggested, but not demonstrated directly, a critical role for
both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons of the pontine tegmentum in the regulation of …

Early transection and stimulation studies suggested the existence of sleep-promoting
circuitry in the medullary brainstem, yet the location and identity of the neurons comprising …

As one of the fundamental sleep states, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is believed to be
associated with dreaming and is characterized by low-voltage, fast electroencephalographic …

Upper airway muscles subserve many essential for survival orofacial behaviors, including
their important role as accessory respiratory muscles. In the face of certain predisposition of …

The masseter muscle is involved in the complex and coordinated oromotor behaviors such
as mastication during wakefulness. The masseter electromyographic (EMG) activity …

Parafacial zone (PZ) GABAergic neurons play a major role in slow-wave-sleep (SWS), also
called non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The PZ also contains glutamatergic neurons …