Polysaccharides are dominant features of most bacterial surfaces and are displayed in
different formats. Many bacteria produce abundant long-chain capsular polysaccharides …

Escherichia coli includes clonal groups of both commensal and pathogenic strains, with
some of the latter causing serious infectious diseases. O antigen variation is current …

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is essential for their survival in harsh
environments and provides intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. This membrane is …

Lipopolysaccharides are critical components of bacterial outer membranes. The more
conserved lipid A part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule is a major element in the …

The large-scale application of organic pollutants (OPs) has contaminated the air, soil, and
water. Persistent OPs enter the food supply chain and create several hazardous effects on …

O-antigens are cell surface polysaccharides of many Gram-negative pathogens that aid in
escaping innate immune responses. A widespread O-antigen biosynthesis mechanism …

The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Gram-negative Klebsiella species is an
urgent global threat. The World Health Organization has listed Klebsiella pneumoniae as …

Petroleum hydrocarbons are energy resources that majorly contribute pollutants to the
environment. These pollutants may cause serious health issues, and hence, for the …

Compared with chemical synthesis and tissue extraction methods, microbial synthesis of
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is attractive because of the advantages of eco-friendly …

Polysaccharides are essential biopolymers produced in all kingdoms of life. On the cell
surface, they represent versatile architectural components, forming protective capsules and …