The affective state is the combination of emotion and mood, with mood reflecting a running
average of sequential emotional events together with an underlying internal affective state …

Kisspeptin (KP) and neurokinin B (NKB) are neuropeptides that govern the reproductive
endocrine axis through regulating hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) …

The central processing pathways of the human olfactory system are not fully understood.
The olfactory bulb projects directly to a number of cortical brain structures, but the distinct …

Cholinergic changes play a fundamental role in the natural history of dementia with Lewy
bodies and Lewy body disease in general. Despite important achievements in the field of …

During mammalian evolution, primate neocortex expanded, shifting hippocampal functional
networks away from primary sensory cortices, towards association cortices. Reflecting this …

Background Odor identification (OI) dysfunction is an early marker of Alzheimer's disease
(AD), but it remains unclear how olfactory-related regions change from stages of subjective …

Purpose of Review Olfactory dysfunction dramatically impairs quality of life with a
prevalence of 20% in the general adult population. Psychophysical olfactory testing has …

Introduction: A number of patients with a diminished sense of smell also can suffer from
parosmia. These patients with such a qualitative smell disorder are often more severely …

Olfactory dysfunctions affect a larger portion of population (up to 15% with partial olfactory
loss, and 5% with complete olfactory loss) as compared to other sensory dysfunctions (eg …

The human sense of smell plays an important role in appetite and food intake, detecting
environmental threats, social interactions, and memory processing. However, little is known …