Until now, a satisfying account of the cause and purpose of migraine has remained elusive.
We explain migraine within the frameworks of allostasis (the situationally-flexible, forward …

Descending pain inhibition is a key component of physiological and pathological pain
processing. 70 Various neurotransmitter systems underlie different descending pain …

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is marketed as a “dietary food for special medical purposes”.
Its broad-spectrum analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects make PEA an …

Musculoskeletal pain is an extensive societal challenge, due to the large population
affected, an increased expected life span, and the lack of efficient prevention and treatment …

Descending control of nociception (DCN; also known as conditioned pain modulation [CPM],
the behavioral correlate of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls) is the phenomenon whereby …

Despite the significant progress in the fields of biology, physiology, molecular medicine, and
pharmacology; the designation of the properties of nitrogen monoxide in the regulation of life …

Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) refers to the “pain inhibits pain” phenomenon in which
a spatially remote noxious stimulus (conditioning stimulus [CS]) may change the perceived …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients frequently experience chronic pain that can enhance
their suffering and significantly impair rehabilitative efforts. Clinical studies suggest that …

The loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) is recognized as a predictor of chronic
pain. Mechanistically, DNIC produces analgesia by a heterotopically applied conditioning …

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endocannabinoid-like bioactive lipid mediator belonging
to the family of N-acylethanolamines, most abundantly found in peanuts and egg yolk. When …