Because of enduring experience of managing two languages, bilinguals have been argued
to develop superior executive functioning compared with monolinguals. Despite extensive …

According to some estimates, more than half of the world's population is multilingual to some
extent. Because of the centrality of language use to human experience and the deep …

Abstract The original Human Connectome Project yielded a rich data set on structural and
functional connectivity in a large sample of healthy young adults using improved methods of …

Research on the effects of bi-and multi-lingualism on brain structure has so far yielded
variable patterns. Although it cannot be disputed that learning and using additional …

Several researchers have suggested that learning and using a second language requires
domain-general executive functions, and many have shown that bilinguals outperform …

Cognitive reserve is characterized by a dissociation between cognitive level and brain
structure, thereby reducing the impact of deteriorating brain structure on cognitive function …

Notwithstanding rising interest, a coherent picture of the brain's representation of two
languages has not yet been achieved. In the present meta-analysis we analysed a large …

Cognitive reserve (CR) prevents cognitive decline and delays neurodegeneration. Recent
epidemiological evidence suggests that lifelong bilingualism may act as CR delaying the …

Here, we review the neural correlates of cognitive control associated with bilingualism. We
demonstrate that lifelong practice managing two languages orchestrates global changes to …

Debate continues on whether a bilingual advantage exists with respect to executive
functioning. This report synthesized the results of 170 studies to test whether the bilingual …