Solid tumors are complex organ-like structures that consist not only of tumor cells but also of
vasculature, extracellular matrix (ECM), stromal, and immune cells. Often, this tumor …

The use of nanomedicine for cancer treatment takes advantage of its preferential
accumulation in tumors owing to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The …

Physical forces have a crucial role in tumor progression and cancer treatment. The
application of principles of engineering and physical sciences to oncology has provided …

Radiotherapy plays a central part in curing cancer. For decades, most research on
improving treatment outcomes has focused on modulating radiation-induced biological …

Nanomedicines improve drug bioavailability, the dose–response relationship, targeting
ability, efficacy and safety compared to conventional freely administered drugs …

Tumor hypoxia is a common feature of the microenvironment in solid tumors, primarily due to
an inadequate, and heterogeneous vascular network. It is associated with resistance to …

Unfortunately, the increased hydrodynamic and steric hindrance resulting from the smaller
vessel pores caused by normalization may compromise the advantage gained from …

Despite having an abundant number of vessels, tumours are usually hypoxic and nutrient-
deprived because their vessels malfunction. Such abnormal milieu can fuel disease …

New vessel formation (angiogenesis) is an essential physiological process for embryologic
development, normal growth, and tissue repair. Angiogenesis is tightly regulated at the …

Immunotherapy holds great promise for treating cancer. Nonetheless, T cell-based
immunotherapy of solid tumors has remained challenging, largely due to the lack of …