Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. Cellular homeostasis of
glutamate is of paramount importance for normal brain function and relies on an intricate …

Astrocytes contribute to the complex cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Neurons and astrocytes function in close collaboration through neurotransmitter recycling …

Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in
the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is …

The SLC (solute carrier)-type transporters (~ 400 in number) in mammalian cells consist of
52 distinct gene families, grouped solely based on the amino acid sequence (primary …

Anatomic and physiologic data are used to analyze the energy expenditure on different
components of excitatory signaling in the grey matter of rodent brain. Action potentials and …

Brain tissue has a remarkable ability to accumulate glutamate. This ability is due to
glutamate transporter proteins present in the plasma membranes of both glial cells and …

The two major interfaces separating brain and blood have different primary roles. The
choroid plexuses secrete cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles, accounting for most net fluid …

The liver controls the systemic exposure of amino acids entering via the gastro-intestinal
tract. For most amino acids except branched chain amino acids, hepatic uptake is very …

Neurons are metabolically handicapped in the sense that they are not able to perform de
novo synthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) from glucose …

The transport of amino acids in kidney and intestine is critical for the supply of amino acids to
all tissues and the homeostasis of plasma amino acid levels. This is illustrated by a number …