The number of old people is rising worldwide, and advancing age is a major risk factor for
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this …

Immune responses participate in every phase of atherosclerosis. There is increasing
evidence that both adaptive and innate immunity tightly regulate atherogenesis. Although …

Atherosclerosis, the cause of myocardial infarction, stroke, and ischemic gangrene, is an
inflammatory disease. The atherosclerotic process is initiated when cholesterol-containing …

This review considers critically the evidence for the involvement of mediators of innate and
acquired immunity in various stages of atherosclerosis. Rapidly mobilized arms of innate …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for
16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying cause of the majority of CVD is …

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Its lesions are filled with immune cells that can
orchestrate and effect inflammatory responses. In fact, the first lesions of atherosclerosis …

Atherosclerosis and aortic valve sclerosis are cardiovascular diseases with an increasing
prevalence in western societies. Statins are widely applied in atherosclerosis therapy …

Both the chronic development of atherosclerotic lesions and the acute changes in lesion
phenotype that lead to clinical cardiovascular events are significantly influenced by the …

The cytotoxic granzyme B (GrB)/perforin pathway has been traditionally viewed as a primary
mechanism that is used by cytotoxic lymphocytes to eliminate allogeneic, virally infected …

Endothelial dysfunction is a key triggering event in atherosclerosis. Following the entry of
lipoproteins into the vessel wall, their rapid modification results in the generation of …