Abstract Despite islands contributing only 6.7% of land surface area, they harbor~ 20% of
the Earth's biodiversity, but unfortunately also~ 50% of the threatened species and 75% of …

BACKGROUND Ever since Darwin, natural scientists have turned to islands for inspiration
and for model systems. For the past half century, they have done so largely within the …

Understanding how biological and environmental factors interactively shape the global
distribution of plant and animal genetic diversity is fundamental to biodiversity conservation …

With the advent of the Anthropocene, biological invasions have reached an unprecedented
level, and the number of species introductions is still increasing in an ever‐changing world …

Five decades ago, a landmark paper in Science titled The Cave Environment heralded
caves as ideal natural experimental laboratories in which to develop and address general …

The use of semi‐isolated habitats such as oceanic islands, lakes and mountain summits as
model systems has played a crucial role in the development of evolutionary and ecological …

ABSTRACT Quaternary (last 2.6 million years) botany involves studying plant megafossils
(eg tree stumps), macrofossils (eg seeds, leaves), and microfossils (eg pollen, spores) …

Insular woodiness (IW)—the evolutionary transition from herbaceousness toward woodiness
on islands—is one of the most iconic features of island floras. Since pioneering work by …

Research in Macaronesia has led to substantial advances in ecology, evolution and
conservation biology. We review the scientific developments achieved in this region, and …

Island biogeography is the study of the spatio‐temporal distribution of species, communities,
assemblages or ecosystems on islands and other isolated habitats. Island diversity is …