Traditional and emerging human activities are increasingly putting pressures on marine
ecosystems and impacting their ability to sustain ecological and human communities. To …

The brackish Baltic Sea hosts species of various origins and environmental tolerances.
These immigrated to the sea 10,000 to 15,000 years ago or have been introduced to the …

Invasive species and bottom‐water hypoxia both constitute major global threats to the
diversity and integrity of marine ecosystems. These stressors may interact with unexpected …

The Baltic Sea is a unique ecosystem that is especially sensitive to anthropogenic pressure.
We analysed human pressure in this sea, which may be considered as paradoxes. One of …

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are designated parts of the ocean that restrict human
activities to a certain degree. MPAs are established around the world using a wide range of …

Assessing the environmental status of marine ecosystems is useful when communicating
key messages to policymakers or the society, reducing the complex information of the …

Spatial connectivity is an essential process to consider in the design and assessment of
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). To help maintain and restore marine populations and …

The juvenile stages of fish are often dependent on specific habitat types for their survival.
Protecting these habitats may be crucial for maintaining strong adult stocks. The Natura …

A Catalogue of Marine Biodiversity Indicators was developed with the aim of providing the
basis for assessing the environmental status of the marine ecosystems. Useful for the …

The Marine Strategy Framework Directive requires the environmental status of European
marine waters to be assessed using biodiversity as 1 out of 11 descriptors, but the …