Anxiety and fear-related disorders peak in prevalence during adolescence, a window of
rapid behavioral development and neural remodeling. However, understanding of the …

Behavioral studies in animal models have advanced our knowledge of brain function and
the neural mechanisms of human diseases. Commonly used laboratory rodents, such as …

Development and sex differentiation impart an organizational influence on the
neuroanatomy and behavior of mammalian species. Prior studies suggest that brain regions …

A hallmark of anxiety-related disorders is difficulties in inhibiting irrational and excessive
fear. Fear and anxiety usually occur as a result of internal or external cues (Anderson and …

Anxiety disorders emerge early, and girls are significantly more likely to develop anxiety
compared to boys. However, sex differences in fear during development are poorly …

Reduction of conditioned fear expression by extinction underlies cue exposure therapies
that treat anxiety disorders. Extinction is context-specific. Renewal, for example, is the …

Adolescence is a critical period for postnatal brain maturation and a time during which there
is increased susceptibility to developing emotional and cognitive-related disorders. Exercise …

Impaired extinction of conditioned fear is associated with anxiety disorders. Common
lifestyle factors, like isolation stress and exercise, may alter the ability to extinguish fear …

In contrast to adult rodents, juvenile rodents fail to show relapse following extinction of
conditioned fear. Using different retrograde tracers injected into the infralimbic cortex (IL) …

Methamphetamine (meth) use is often comorbid with anxiety disorders, with both conditions
predominant during adolescence. Conditioned fear extinction is the most widely used model …