A variety of methods are used in honey bee research and differ depending on the level at
which the research is conducted. On an individual level, the handling of individual honey …

With less than a million neurons, the western honeybee Apis mellifera is capable of complex
olfactory behaviors and provides an ideal model for investigating the neurophysiology of the …

Honey bee colonies are highly dependent upon the availability of floral resources from
which they get the nutrients (notably pollen) necessary to their development and survival …

Predictions that precocious foraging in honeybee workers is a result of shortening of their life
expectancy were tested in both laboratory and field experiments. In the laboratory …

Abstract Next Generation Sequencing technologies (NGS) are rapidly invading many
evolutionary and ecological fields, such as phylogenomics, molecular evolution, population …

One of the most obvious characteristics of an insect society is reproductive cooperation. Yet
insect colonies are vulnerable to reproductive parasitism, both by workers from their own …

The hallmark of eusociality is the reproductive division of labour, in which one female caste
reproduces, while reproduction is constrained in the subordinate caste. In adult worker …

Octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) are phenolamines that are synthesised from tyrosine
and are widely distributed in insects. These amines play vital roles as neurotransmitters …

BACKGROUND Thymol offers an attractive alternative to synthetic chemicals to keep Varroa
under control. However, thymol accumulates in bee products and is suspected of having …

Co-exposure to pesticides and viruses is likely to occur in honey bee colonies. Pesticides
can be present in pollen, nectar, and persist in stored food (honey and bee bread), and …